Email a colleague    

August 2014

The Multi-Vendor MPLS: Enabling Tier 2 and 3 Telecoms to Offer World-Class Networks to SMBs

The Multi-Vendor MPLS: Enabling Tier 2 and 3 Telecoms to Offer World-Class Networks to SMBs

In the network equipment business, there’s a constant tension between proprietary innovation and industry standardization.

A network equipment provider (NEP) always praises the efforts of industry standard groups, but also seeks to offer a proprietary add-on to standards that gives itself a competitive edge.

This is only natural.  A NEP is not going to invest R&D in ground-breaking technology unless there’s a potential payoff down the road.  Yet, it knows full well that one of the best paths to networking profits is to transform a once proprietary technology into an industry standard one.

The success of Ethernet is a great example.  Back in the late 70s and 80s, Ethernet was battling with competing LAN technologies like ARCNet, FDDI, and Token Ring for acceptance.  No one quite knew which protocol would eventually prevail, and the major computer industry titans were jockeying with each other to get on the winning horse.

It was Xerox PARC who ended up patenting Ethernet in 1975.  And then in 1979, Robert Metcalfe, one of the co-inventors of Ethernet, left Xerox to co-founded 3Com.

Now even though Ethernet’s protocol was already out there, 3Com’s engineers had enough of a head start in the standard that they soon became the global leader in Ethernet networking cards: 3Com grew to a $5 billion business by 1999.

Of course, 3Com not only had an edge in Ethernet domain knowledge, it also cleverly gained the support of key industry allies like Digital Equipment Corp, Intel, and Xerox.  In short, it made money by creating a de facto industry standard.

Well, there’s another key networking technology out there — MPLS.  It’s caught fire in the last decade and it’s pretty crucial to telecom’s future.

Yet there’s a problem: it’s still not widely adopted by all telecom service providers.  For the most part, the technology is so daunting that tier 2/3 carriers and cable providers haven‘t really found an efficient way to roll out MPLS to their SMB and large enterprise customers.  And one major technical sticking point with MPLS is the need to manage multi-vendor devices.

But one company, WebNMS, a provider of network/element management framework software is supporting a new solution and claims to be the first widely available solution that automates both the assurance and provisioning of a multi-vendor MPLS.  Joining us to discuss the MPLS trend is Prabhu Ramachandran, Director of Product Management of the WebNMS product line.

Dan Baker: Prabhu, before we talk about your new solution, I think readers would appreciate a quick backgrounder on the significance of MPLS in today’s telecom world.

Prabhu Ramachandran: Absolutely, Dan.  Happy to.  It’s an easy concept to understand actually.  MPLS stands for Multiprotocol Label Switching and as its name suggests, MPLS uses labels to specify virtual paths between network nodes.  Packet-forwarding decisions are made solely on the contents of these labels, not where the router says to go.

Now it turns out that labeling an IP network enables some pretty impressive magic: it can basically turn a best-effort IP network designed for email into a virtual high quality circuit, one that mimics the superior traffic engineering qualities of a dedicated Frame Relay or ATM circuit.

This capability to encapulate other protocols and deliver them at high levels of quality across the network has made MPLS the king of WAN protocols.

A key factor driving MPLS today, of course, is the great interest telecoms have in selling B2B to the enterprise.  The consumer market today is less attractive since ARPU is not going up and competition is stiff.  Yet because so much activity is moving to the cloud, enterprises actually need more bandwidth services -- across their offices and data centers.  For this reason, both MPLS and Carrier Ethernet are booming.

Now if a BT, AT&T or Sprint designs a VPN for a large enterprise customer to connect its remote offices and cloud data centers, 9 out of 10 times today it will be built on an MPLS framework.

And as more and more of the world’s services move to IP networks, it’s a safe bet  MPLS will grow with it.  Plus there are some new and upcoming High Definition services such as HD-Voice and HD-Conferencing that will ride on an IPX network enabled by MPLS.

Of course, the older WAN technologies like Frame Relay and ATM are still around, but they are steadily going away because -- unlike MPLS -- those technologies don‘t leverage the world’s basic network building blocks: IP packets and routers.

Great, Prabhu.  But now we get to the key question: how come MPLS is a technology dominated by large NEPs like Cisco and Juniper, and supplied by mostly big carriers?

NEPs are looking out for their own self-interest like everyone else in business.  So it’s to their advantage to adopt a more advanced and proprietary version of MPLS than what’s generally available as an open standard.

So a Cisco or Juniper have designed their product to manage a network of their own devices.  And in most cases a large carrier who builds these MPLS networks will choose two vendors and play them off one another.  For an example, a Cisco shop might decide to populate its MPLS networks with 90% Cisco devices and 10% Juniper — or vice versa.

And up to now, only the large carriers have had the capital to invest in building their own multi-vendor MPLS networks.  They’ve been willing to go through that trouble because it enables them to serve Fortune 500 companies.

So how does your multi-vendor MPLS work, who else is offering this technology, and what are the challenges of building something like this?

Dan, our path to a multi-vendor MPLS solution was easier because the NMS/EMS framework we’ve been selling for 15 years helped us build things quickly.

The challenge for all vendors, of course, is to fully understand how each NEP vendor exposes data and interfaces to protocols.  Still, the toughest job is simply understanding the pain points of customers and their priorities.

The WebNMS approach is to discovery across Layer 3 and Layer 2.  We discover all these services: VPN services, IP MPLS, VPN MPLS services and then model them as standard objects, and do performance monitoring, Quality of Service analysis and provisioning.

For example, a customer can create an MPLS tunnel or MPLS path in the software.

Competitors are out there too such as CA, EMC, and Solar Wind.  Many of these solutions focus on the service assurance aspects of the MPLS problem, such as  performance measurement.

Our own solution is a full end-to-end solution that covers discovery to management as well as performance and provisioning.  The NEPs we support today include Cisco, Juniper, Huawei, Broadcom, Ericsson, Alcatel-Lucent, and devices from several less famous players.

What our initial customers particularly like is we supply a full customer portal for them that exposes SLA reports for the MPLS services.

What sort of customers are buying a multi-vendor MPLS solution today?

The market is just getting started.  The first customers of multi-vendor MPLS solutions are enterprises.  It’s all over the map: oil companies, companies with submarine networks, even a cruise ship company.  Some of these cruise ships have their own MPLS networks serving 100 vessels around the world and they want to provide connectivity.

We also supply MPLS solutions to mid-sized enterprises such as a retail chain with stores and, say, 30 routers and stores to connect across 2 or 3 states.  Other big markets are the universities, schools, and government networks.

Sooner or later, we figure there’s going to be big demand for MPLS solutions from tier 2 and 3 carriers and managed service providers.  The big attraction for them, of course, is to get access to MPLS as a much lower price point so they can serve enterprise customers.

The big problem enterprises generally face today is supporting MPLS beyond the first two NEPs they currently support.  For instance, if the enterprise already has Huawei and Cisco devices in their network, on average it takes an engineer about eight weeks to bring a third vendor device into the mix.

That’s a cost most enterprises don‘t want to incur.  But in cases like this we will often supply that third connection to the customer at no charge, just so we can get them as a customer.  Of course, the third party NEP vendor is also pleased to partner with us because we’re helping them gain a new client.  So everybody wins.

How do you foresee this market evolving?

Long term I think the future of MPLS is to make it available via a single SDN/NFV platform that does service orchestration.  At WebNMS this migration path is on our roadmap.

When that day arrives, an enterprise customer will be able to dynamically create Ethernet or MPLS services, so a Procter and Gamble let’s say can get a bandwidth service from CenturyLink or AT&T.

In turn, the software can execute commands on routers and switches to create a bandwidth circuit between two different locations.  Then, using our NFV API, they will configure a routing appliance, a firewall, AAA, or security for this service.

And the SDN/NFV will automatically create the physical circuit and also go and create all these logical entries, such as in the CRM database, in the firewall, in an AAA server like Radius or LDAP.

We figure, the large NEPs and service providers have already paved the way for MPLS is be a big winner.  And this opens the door for a more multi-vendor approach that will enable tier 2 and 3 operators to get in on cloud and VPN services that enterprises are eager to obtain.

Thanks, Prabhu.  The notion that tier 2 and 3 carrier can get in on the game of offering enterprise-grade networking is pretty exciting.  Good luck in getting your solution moving.

Copyright 2014 Black Swan Telecom Journal

 
Prabhu Ramachandran

Prabhu Ramachandran

Prabhu Ramachandran has more than 14 years of experience at Zoho Corporation creating WebNMS suite products and solutions for the telecom network management market.  He handles strategic areas of WebNMS such as product management, customer support and professional services for telecom network management products and M2M/IoT based remote management products.   Contact Prabhu via

Black Swan Solution Guides & Papers

cSwans of a Feather

  • Delivering Service Assurance Excellence at a Reduced Operating Cost interview with Gregg Hara — The great diversity and complexity of today’s networks make service assurance a big challenge.  But advances in off-the-shelf software now permit the configuring and visualizing of services across multiple technologies on a modest operating budget.
  • Paradigm Shift in OSS Software: Network Topology Views via Enterprise-Search interview with Benedict Enweani — Enterprise-search is a wildly successful technology on the web, yet its influence has not yet rippled to the IT main stream.  But now a large Middle Eastern operator has deployed a major service assurance application using enterprise-search.  The interview discusses this multi-dimensional topology solution and compares it to traditional network inventory.
  • The Multi-Vendor MPLS: Enabling Tier 2 and 3 Telecoms to Offer World-Class Networks to SMBs interview with Prabhu Ramachandran — MPLS is a networking technology that has caught fire in the last decade.  Yet the complexity of MPLS has relegated to being mostly a large carrier solution.  Now a developer of a multi-vendor MPLS solutions explains why the next wave of MPLS adoption will come from tier 2/3 carriers supporting SMB customers.
  • Big Data: Is it Ready for Prime Time in Customer Experience Management? interview with Thomas Sutter — Customer experience management is one of the most challenging of OSS domains and some suppliers are touting “big data” solutions as the silver bullet for CEM upgrades and consolidation.  This interview challenges the readiness of big data soluions to tackle OSS issues and deliver the cost savings.  The article also provides advice on managing technology risks, software vendor partnering, and the strategies of different OSS suppliers.
  • Calculated Risk: The Race to Deliver the Next Generation of LTE Service Management interview with Edoardo Rizzi — LTE and the emerging heterogeneous networks are likely to shake up the service management and customer experience management worlds.  Learn about the many new network management challenges LTE presents, and how a small OSS software firm aims to beat the big established players to market with a bold new technology and strategy.
  • Mobile Broadband: The Customer Service Assurance Challenge interview with Michele Campriani — iPhone and Android traffic is surging but operators struggle with network congestion and dropping ARPUs.  The answer?  Direct  resources and service quality measures to ensure VIPs are indeed getting the quality they expect.  Using real-life examples that cut to the chase of technical complexities, this article explains the chief causes of service quality degradation and describes efficient ways to deal with the problem.

Related Articles

  • Tokopedia, Indonesia’s E-Commerce King, Partners with 11 Million Merchants; Adopts Multi-Cloud to Drive Innovation interview with Warren Aw & Ryan de Melo — Indonesia’s Tokopedia, founded in 2009, has grown to become one of world’s leading e-commerce players.  Read about its success, technology direction, and multi-cloud connectivity adoption.
  • Bridge Alliance: Knocking Down Regional & Mobile Connectivity Barriers so Connected Car Markets Get Rolling in Asia interview with Kwee Kchwee — The CEO of an Asian consortium of mobile operators explains how they  help simplify and harmonize their members‘ operations in support of multi-national corporations.  This integration is enabling two huge industries to come together in Asia: auto manufacturing and telco.
  • Epsilon’s Infiny NaaS Platform Brings Global Connection, Agility & Fast Provision for IoT, Clouds & Enterprises in Southeast Asia, China & Beyond interview with Warren Aw — Network as a Service, powered by Software Defined Networks, are a faster, more agile, and more partner-friendly way of making data global connections.  A leading NaaS provider explains the benefits for cloud apps, enterprise IT, and IoT.
  • PCCW Global: On Leveraging Global IoT Connectivity to Create Mission Critical Use Cases for Enterprises interview with Craig Price — A leading wholesale executive explains the business challenges of the current global IoT scene as it spans many spheres: technical, political, marketing, and enterprise customer value creation.
  • Senet’s Cloud & Shared Gateways Drive LoRaWAN IoT Adoption for Enterprise Businesses, Smart Cities & Telecoms interview with Bruce Chatterley — An IoT netowork pioneer explains how LoRaWAN tech fits in the larger IoT ecosystem.  He gives use case examples, describes deployment restraints/costs, and shows how partnering, gateway sharing, and flexible deployment options are stimulating growth.
  • ARM Data Center Software’s Cloud-Based Network Inventory Links Network, Operations, Billing, Sales & CRM to One Database interview with Joe McDermott & Frank McDermott — A firm offering a cloud-based network inventory system explains the virtues of: a single underlying database, flexible conversions, task-checking workflow, new software business models, views that identify stranded assets, and connecting to Microsoft’s cloud platform.
  • Pure Play NFV: Lessons Learned from Masergy’s Virtual Deployment for a Global Enterprise interview with Prayson Pate — NFV is just getting off the ground, but one cloud provider to enterprises making a stir in virtual technology waters is Masergy.  Here are lessons learned from Masergy’s recent global deployment using a NFV pure play software approach.
  • The Digital Enabler: A Charging, Self-Care & Marketing Platform at the Core of the Mobile Business interview with Jennifer Kyriakakis — The digital enabler is a central platform that ties together charging, self-care, and marketing.  The article explains why leading operators consider digital enablers pivotal to their digital strategies.
  • Delivering Service Assurance Excellence at a Reduced Operating Cost interview with Gregg Hara — The great diversity and complexity of today’s networks make service assurance a big challenge.  But advances in off-the-shelf software now permit the configuring and visualizing of services across multiple technologies on a modest operating budget.
  • Are Cloud-Based Call Centers the Next Hot Product for the SMB Market? interview with Doron Dovrat — Quality customer service can improve a company’s corporate identity and drive business growth.  But many SMBs are priced out of acquiring modern call center technology.  This article explains the benefits of affordable and flexible cloud-based call centers.
  • Flexing the OSS & Network to Support the Digital Ecosystem interview with Ken Dilbeck — The need for telecoms to support a broader digital ecosystem requires an enormous change to OSS infrastructures and the way networks are being managed.  This interview sheds light on these challenges.
  • Crossing the Rubicon: Is it Time for Tier Ones to Move to a Real-Time Analytics BSS? interview with Andy Tiller — Will tier one operators continue to maintain their quilt works of legacy and adjunct platforms — or will they radically transform their BSS architecture into a new  system designed to address the new telecom era?  An advocate for radical transformation discusses: real-time analytics, billing for enterprises, partnering mashups, and on-going transformation work at Telenor.
  • Paradigm Shift in OSS Software: Network Topology Views via Enterprise-Search interview with Benedict Enweani — Enterprise-search is a wildly successful technology on the web, yet its influence has not yet rippled to the IT main stream.  But now a large Middle Eastern operator has deployed a major service assurance application using enterprise-search.  The interview discusses this multi-dimensional topology solution and compares it to traditional network inventory.
  • The Multi-Vendor MPLS: Enabling Tier 2 and 3 Telecoms to Offer World-Class Networks to SMBs interview with Prabhu Ramachandran — MPLS is a networking technology that has caught fire in the last decade.  Yet the complexity of MPLS has relegated to being mostly a large carrier solution.  Now a developer of a multi-vendor MPLS solutions explains why the next wave of MPLS adoption will come from tier 2/3 carriers supporting SMB customers.
  • Enabling Telecoms & Utilities to Adapt to the Winds of Business Change interview with Kirill Rechter — Billing is in the midst of momentous change.  Its value is no longer just around delivering multi-play services or sophisticated rating.  In this article you’ll learn how a billing/CRM supplier has adapted to the times by offering deeper value around the larger business issues of its telecom and utility clients.
  • Driving Customer Care Results & Cost Savings from Big Data Facts interview with Brian Jurutka — Mobile broadband and today’s dizzying array of app and network technology present a big challenge to customer care.  In fact, care agents have a hard time staying one step ahead of customers who call to report problems.  But network analytics comes to the rescue with advanced mobile handset troubleshooting and an ability to put greater intelligence at the fingertips of highly trained reps.
  • Hadoop and M2M Meet Device and Network Management Systems interview with Eric Wegner — Telecom big-data in networks is more than customer experience managment: it’s also about M2M plus network and element management systems.  This interview discusses the explosion in machine-to-machine devices, the virtues and drawbacks of Hadoop, and the network impact of shrink-wrapped search.
  • The Data Center & Cloud Infrastructure Boom: Is Your Sales/Engineering Team Equipped to Win? by Dan Baker — The build-out of enterprise clouds and data centers is a golden opportunity for systems integrators, carriers, and cloud providers.  But the firms who win this business will have sales and engineering teams who can drive an effective and streamlined requirements-to-design-to-order process.  This white paper points to a solution — a collaborative solution designs system — and explains 8 key capabilities of an ideal platform.
  • Big Data: Is it Ready for Prime Time in Customer Experience Management? interview with Thomas Sutter — Customer experience management is one of the most challenging of OSS domains and some suppliers are touting “big data” solutions as the silver bullet for CEM upgrades and consolidation.  This interview challenges the readiness of big data soluions to tackle OSS issues and deliver the cost savings.  The article also provides advice on managing technology risks, software vendor partnering, and the strategies of different OSS suppliers.
  • Calculated Risk: The Race to Deliver the Next Generation of LTE Service Management interview with Edoardo Rizzi — LTE and the emerging heterogeneous networks are likely to shake up the service management and customer experience management worlds.  Learn about the many new network management challenges LTE presents, and how a small OSS software firm aims to beat the big established players to market with a bold new technology and strategy.
  • Decom Dilemma: Why Tearing Down Networks is Often Harder than Deploying Them interview with Dan Hays — For every new 4G LTE and IP-based infrastructure deployed, there typically a legacy network that’s been rendered obsolete and needs to be decommissioned.  This article takes you through the many complexities of network decom, such as facilities planning, site lease terminations, green-safe equipment disposal, and tax relief programs.
  • Migration Success or Migraine Headache: Why Upfront Planning is Key to Network Decom interview with Ron Angner — Shutting down old networks and migrating customers to new ones is among the most challenging activities a network operators does today.  This article provides advice on the many network issues surrounding migration and decommissioning.  Topics discussed include inventory reconciliation, LEC/CLEC coordination, and protection of customers in the midst of projects that require great program management skills.
  • Navigating the Telecom Solutions Wilderness: Advice from Some Veteran Mountaineers interview with Al Brisard — Telecom solutions vendors struggle mightily to position their solutions and figure out what to offer next in a market where there’s considerable product and service crossover.  In this article, a veteran order management specialist firm lays out its strategy for mixing deep-bench functional expertise with process consulting, analytics, and custom API development.
  • Will Telecoms Sink Under the Weight of their Bloated and Out-of-Control Product Stacks? interview with Simon Muderack — Telecoms pay daily for their lack of product integration as they constantly reinvent product wheels, lose customer intelligence, and waste time/money.  This article makes the case of an enterprise product catalog.  Drawing on central catalog cases at a few Tier 1 operators, the article explains the benefits: reducing billing and provisioning costs, promoting product reuse, and smoothing operations.
  • Virtual Operator Life: Enabling Multi-Level Resellers Through an Active Product Catalog interview with Rob Hill — The value of product distribution via virtual operators is immense.  They enable a carrier to sell to markets it cannot profitably serve directly.  Yet the need for greater reseller flexibility in the bundling and pricing of increasingly complex IP and cloud services is now a major channel barrier.  This article explains what’s behind an innovative product catalog solution that doubles as a service creation environment for resellers in multiple tiers.
  • Telecom Blocking & Tackling: Executing the Fundamentals of the Order-to-Bill Process interview with Ron Angner — Just as football teams need to be good at the basics of blocking and tackling, telecoms need to excel at their own fundamental skillset: the order-to-cash process.  In this article, a leading consulting firm explains its methodology for taking operators on the path towards order-to-cash excellence.  Issues discussed include: provisioning intervals; standardization and simplicity; the transition from legacy to improved process; and the major role that industry metrics play.
  • Wireline Act IV, Scene II: Packaging Network & SaaS Services Together to Serve SMBs by John Frame — As revenue from telephony services has steadily declined, fixed network operators have scrambled to support VoIP, enhanced IP services, and now cloud applications.  This shift has also brought challenges to the provisioning software vendors who support the operators.  In this interview, a leading supplier explains how it’s transforming from plain ol‘ OSS software provider to packager of on-net and SaaS solutions from an array of third party cloud providers.
  • Telecom Merger Juggling Act: How to Convert the Back Office and Keep Customers and Investors Happy at the Same Time interview with Curtis Mills — Billing and OSS conversions as the result of a merger are a risky activity as evidenced by famous cases at Fairpoint and Hawaiian Telcom.  This article offers advice on how to head off problems by monitoring key operations checkpoints, asking the right questions, and leading with a proven conversion methodology.
  • Is Order Management a Provisioning System or Your Best Salesperson? by John Konczal — Order management as a differentiator is a very new concept to many CSP people, but it’s become a very real sales booster in many industries.  Using electronics retailer BestBuy as an example, the article points to several innovations that can — and are — being applied by CSPs today.  The article concludes with 8 key questions an operator should ask to measure advanced order management progress.
  • NEC Takes the Telecom Cloud from PowerPoint to Live Customers interview with Shinya Kukita — In the cloud computing world, it’s a long road from technology success to telecom busness opportunity.  But this story about how NEC and Telefonica are partnering to offer cloud services to small and medium enterprises shows the experience of early cloud adoption.  Issues discussed in the article include: customer types, cloud application varieties, geographic region acceptance, and selling challenges.
  • Billing As Enabler for the Next Killer Business Model interview with Scott Swartz — Facebook, cloud services, and Google Ads are examples of innovative business models that demand unique or non-standard billing techniques.  The article shows how flexible, change-on-the-fly, and metadata-driven billing architectures are enabling CSPs to offer truly ground breaking services.
  • Real-Time Provisioning of SIM Cards: A Boon to GSM Operators interview with Simo Isomaki — Software-controlled SIM card configuration is revolutionizing the activation of GSM phones.  The article explains how dynamic SIM management decouples the selection of numbers/services and delivers new opportunities to market during the customer acquisition and intial provisoining phase.
  • A Cynic Converted: IN/Prepaid Platforms Are Now Pretty Cool interview with Grant Lenahan — Service delivery platforms born in the IN era are often painted as inflexible and expensive to maintain.  Learn how modern SDPs with protocol mediation, high availability, and flexible Service Creation Environments are delivering value for operators such as Brazil’s Oi.
  • Achieving Revenue Maximization in the Telecom Contact Center interview with Robert Lamb — Optimizing the contact center offers one of the greatest returns on investment for a CSP.  The director of AT&T’s contact center services business explains how telecoms can strike an “artful balance” between contact center investment and cost savings.  The discussion draws from AT&T’s consulting with world class customers like Ford, Dell, Discover Financial, DISH Network, and General Motors.
  • Mobile Broadband: The Customer Service Assurance Challenge interview with Michele Campriani — iPhone and Android traffic is surging but operators struggle with network congestion and dropping ARPUs.  The answer?  Direct  resources and service quality measures to ensure VIPs are indeed getting the quality they expect.  Using real-life examples that cut to the chase of technical complexities, this article explains the chief causes of service quality degradation and describes efficient ways to deal with the problem.
  • Telco-in-a-Box: Are Telecoms Back in the B/OSS Business? interview with Jim Dunlap — Most telecoms have long since folded their merchant B/OSS software/services businesses.  But now Cycle30, a subsidiary of Alaskan operator GCI, is offering a order-to-cash managed service for other operators and utilities.  The article discusses the company’s unique business model and contrasts it with billing service bureau and licensed software approaches.
  • Bricks, Mortar & Well-Trained Reps Make a Comeback in Customer Management interview with Scott Kohlman — Greater industry competition, service complexity, and employee turnover have raised the bar in the customer support.  Indeed, complex services are putting an emphasis on quality care interactions in the store, on the web, and through the call center.  In this article you’ll learn about innovations in CRM, multi-tabbed agent portals,  call center agent training, customer treatment philosophies, and the impact of  self-service.
  • 21st Century Order Management: The Cross-Channel Sales Conversation by John Konczal — Selling a mobile service is generally not a one-and-done transaction.  It often involves several interactions — across the web, call center, store, and even kiosks.  This article explains the power of a “cross-channel hub” which sits above all sales channels, interacts with them all, and allows a CSP to keep the sales conversation moving forward seamlessly.
  • Building a B/OSS Business Through Common Sense Customer Service by David West — Delivering customer service excellence doesn‘t require mastering some secret technique.  The premise of this article is that plain dealing with customers and employees is all that’s needed for a winning formula.  The argument is spelling out in a simple 4 step methodology along with some practical examples.